6, 13, 14 The changes in the national guidelines on the use of antibiotics to prevent IE are also related to the significant increase in the incidence of IE. 9–12 In the past few decades, due to the ageing of the population, the increase in the use of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), the increase in the number of patients receiving haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease, and more congenital heart disease patients surviving to adulthood, the population at risk of IE has increased. 7, 8ĭespite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, IE is still associated with high mortality, up to 22% in hospitals and up to 40% in 5 years.

5, 6 Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence of IE continues to increase in many countries. 1–4 Ten years ago, the global annual incidence of IE was estimated to be 3–10 per 100 000 people.

It is heterogeneous in aetiology, clinical manifestations, and course of disease. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but frightening disease in the field of cardiology. Infective endocarditis, Global burden, Temporal trend, Risk factors, Disparity, Systematic analysis Introduction The age-specific burden rate of IE among people over 25 years old usually increased with age, and the annual increasing trend was more obvious for people over 60 years of age, especially in higher SDI regions. The leading ASMR in 2019 appeared in the High SDI region, with the largest increase in the past three decades. ASIR were consistently more pronounced in higher socio-demographic index (SDI) regions.

The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) increased from 9.91 and 0.73 to 13.80 and 0.87 per 100 000 person-years over the past 30 years, respectively. Globally, 1 090 527 incident cases, 66 322 deaths, and 1 723 594 DALYs of IE were estimated in 2019.

We depicted the epidemiological characteristics of IE in detail by gender, region, and age. Based on all available data sources, the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of IE in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2019 were reconstructed by Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 using the Cause of Death Ensemble model, spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and DisMod-MR 2.1.

Rays of hope 2019